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Carcinogenesis 15, Tyrrell, R. Bioessays 18, Marshall, A. UV-B rays are the harmful rays that cause sunburn. Fortunately, about 95 percent UV-B rays are absorbed by ozone in the Earth's atmosphere. The false-color composite reveals different gas temperatures. Reds are relatively cool about 60, Celsius while blues and greens are hotter greater than one million Celsius.
In , Johann Ritter conducted an experiment to investigate the existence of energy beyond the violet end of the visible spectrum. Knowing that photographic paper would turn black more rapidly in blue light than in red light, he exposed the paper to light beyond violet.
Sure enough, the paper turned black, proving the existence of ultraviolet light. Since the Earth's atmosphere absorbs much of the high-energy ultraviolet radiation, scientists use data from satellites positioned above the atmosphere, in orbit around the Earth, to sense UV radiation coming from our Sun and other astronomical objects.
Scientists can study the formation of stars in ultraviolet since young stars shine most of their light at these wavelengths. The difference in how the galaxies appear is due to which type of stars shine brightest in the optical and ultraviolet wavelengths. Ultraviolet images of galaxies show mainly clouds of gas containing newly formed stars that are many times more massive than the Sun and glow strongly in ultraviolet light.
In contrast, visible light images of galaxies show mostly the yellow and red light of older stars. By comparing these types of data, astronomers can learn about the structure and evolution of galaxies. Chemical processes in the upper atmosphere can affect the amount of atmospheric ozone that shields life at the surface from most of the Sun's harmful UV radiation.
Each year, a "hole" of thinning atmospheric ozone expands over Antarctica, sometimes extending over populated areas of South America and exposing them to increased levels of harmful UV rays.
The image above shows the amount of atmospheric ozone in Dobson Units—the common unit for measuring ozone concentration. These data enable scientists to estimate the amount of UV radiation reaching the Earth's surface and forecast high-UV-index days for public health awareness. Aurorae are caused by high-energy waves that travel along a planet's magnetic poles, where they excite atmospheric gases and cause them to glow.
Photons in this high-energy radiation bump into atoms of gases in the atmosphere causing electrons in the atoms to excite, or move to the atom's upper shells. When the electrons move back down to a lower shell, the energy is released as light, and the atom returns to a relaxed state.
He then placed silver chloride in each color of the spectrum. Ritter noticed that the silver chloride showed little change in the red part of the spectrum, but increasingly darkened toward the violet end of the spectrum. This proved that exposure to blue light did cause silver chloride to turn black much more efficiently than exposure to red light. Johann Ritter then decided to place silver chloride in the area just beyond the violet end of the spectrum, in a region where no sunlight was visible.
To his amazement, he saw that the silver chloride displayed an intense reaction well beyond the violet end of the spectrum, where no visible light could be seen.
This showed for the first time that an invisible form of light existed beyond the violet end of the spectrum. This new type of light, which Ritter called Chemical Rays, later became known as ultraviolet light or ultraviolet radiation the word ultra means beyond. Ritter's experiment, along with Herschel's discovery, proved that invisible forms of light existed beyond both ends of the visible spectrum. After his discovery of ultraviolet light, Ritter continued to do research and became increasingly interested in electrical experiments.
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