Discovered in the s by Ernest Volwiler and Donalee Tabern at Abbott Laboratories, sodium thiopental belongs to the barbiturate family and acts as a neural depressant to inhibit communication between particular neurons in the brain.
This mechanism allows the drug to induce drowsiness and sleep, making it ideal as a general anaesthetic. It was first administered on a patient in by Ralph Waters at the University of Wisconsin but interest was also growing around what this inhibitory effect may have when administered using varying doses. For a drug developed to establish the truth, its history remains enveloped in dishonesty and deceit.
A US Army physician and neurologist, William Bleckwenn, also at the University of Wisconsin discovered that the barbiturates sodium amytal and sodium thiopental could temporarily lower inhibitions in catatonic patients and allow them to carry out simple tasks. Many likened it to a hypnotic state, whereby the drug would trick the subject into radically altering their behaviour. Initially used to relieve the symptoms of shell shock in US soldiers during the second world war, the drugs proved to be ineffective, soldiers complained thiopental seriously affected their co-ordination and vigilance in the field.
Thiopental was tested alongside psychotropic drugs, such as LSD, to determine whether subjects in a sleep-like state could maintain a series of prescribed lies.
Although thiopental proved effective in extracting the truth, it also resulted in subjects becoming incoherent, aggressive and vulnerable to psychotic episodes. Eventually, thiopental was dropped as a drug for use in legal proceedings but the controversial substance is still occasionally called to the stand. During the trial of James Holmes, the defendant accused of carrying out the Aurora shootings in , the judge approved the use of a narcoanalytic interview to determine his mental health in the event that he filed an insanity plea.
Sodium thiopental has not just been used to coerce information from prisoners or defendants though; it is also used to execute them. The lethal injection was proposed by Jay Chapman, a state medical examiner, in He suggested that the injection should comprise of three drugs administered sequentially, each having a different purpose. Palayam, K. Erode, Tamil Nadu.
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